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Carbon Credit Markets

Introduction to Carbon Credit Markets

Carbon markets introduced a system of accountability for greenhouse gas emissions. It enables companies to initiate new operational processes to aim to cut down emissions and participate in environmental projects that balance out their emissions. Essentially it’s a platform where carbon credits are bought and sold by organisations.

Carbon Credit:

Companies purchase carbon credit certificates so that they can offset their unavoidable emissions. This is particularly useful in compliance markets where high-emitting sectors have capped emissions. Its value represents one tonne of carbon dioxide emissions removed, reduced, or avoided from the atmosphere.

Carbon Offset:

When a company invests in projects that aim to remove or sequester carbon out of the atmosphere. The amount of carbon avoided or sequestered must be measurable and impact must take place over the long term.

Carbon Avoidance/Reduction Projects:

  • Renewable energy or fuel-switching - using less carbon-intensive energy sources.

  • Waste management and product circularity - to reduce what ends up in landfills and other innovative uses of waste.

Carbon Removal/Sequestration Projects:

  • Use of technology to remove carbon from the atmosphere - like Direct Air Capture (intercepted where carbon is released), and Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) where carbon is stored permanently or further processed if possible to other uses like methanol.

  • Biological sequestering through projects such as afforestation, reforestation, and restoring ecosystems such as wetlands and peatlands.

Carbon Credit Verification

Carbon credits must follow certain standards and go through third-party verification and can be issued through:

  • International or Governmental regulatory bodies - served for regulatory and compliance programs. They each have their labels. Examples of global recognition are Article 6.4 Emissions Reduction Unit (A6.4ERs), and Korean Offset Credit (KOC).

  • Independent carbon crediting programs run by NGOs. They each have their labels. Examples of internationally recognised labels are Verified Emission Reduction (VER) by The Gold Standard, Plan Vivo Certificate (PVC) by Plan Vivo, and Verified Carbon Unit (VCU) by Verra – Verified Carbon Standard.

Voluntary and Mandatory Carbon Markets

Voluntary carbon markets, as the name suggests, are certified carbon credits purchased willingly without the compulsion of regulatory compliance. Companies, organisations, governments, and individuals can purchase these third-party credits from projects to champion their ESG efforts and reduce their carbon footprint.

Compliance carbon markets are regionally or internationally regulated 'cap-and-trade' emission trading systems. Examples include the Kyoto Protocol, the EU Emissions Trading System, the California emission trading system, and other regional or country-based systems.

Author's Note:

Carbon markets were created with the intent to incentivise companies and industries to reduce their carbon footprint, foster innovation, and contribute meaningfully to global emission reduction goals. However, translating this intent into global impact is proving increasingly difficult. The compliance market faces staggered development, due in part to fragmented regulatory frameworks and geopolitical complexities that hinder global alignment. The growing use of complex financial instruments—such as derivatives, futures, and options—adds both opportunities and risks. While these tools can increase market liquidity and improve price signals, they also require oversight and regulatory capacity, when lacked or delayed due to limited budgets or unclear mandates can become inefficient and prone to manipulation—which erodes trust in the markets and increases scepticism.

Carbon markets are drifting toward resembling commodity trading systems. Staying informed through official regulatory websites is crucial to separating market noise from verified developments. For carbon markets to serve their original purpose, they must remain grounded in environmental integrity, transparency, and accountability. Streamlining processes, improving governance, and focusing on impact—not just instruments—are critical steps forward.